George W. Bush
Under the Constitution of 1787
George W. Bush served as the 43rd President of the United States under the Constitution of 1787, following his tenure as the 46th Governor of Texas. Known for his "compassionate conservatism," President Bush championed policies emphasizing limited government, personal responsibility, strong family values, and local control. His leadership style in the White House reflected his commitment to these principles as he sought bipartisan solutions to issues affecting Americans.
Born on July 6, 1946, George Walker Bush grew up in Midland and Houston, Texas. He attended Yale University, where he earned a bachelor’s degree, and later received a Master of Business Administration from Harvard Business School, becoming the first U.S. president with an MBA. His early career included military service as an F-102 pilot in the Texas Air National Guard and work in the oil and gas industry in Midland, beginning in 1975. His connection to politics strengthened after his father’s successful 1988 presidential campaign, and the following year, he led a group of investors in purchasing the Texas Rangers baseball franchise, serving as managing general partner until his gubernatorial election.
Bush was first elected Governor of Texas on November 8, 1994, with 53.5 percent of the vote, and he made history in 1998 as the first Texas Governor to be re-elected to consecutive four-year terms, winning with 68.6 percent. His tenure as governor focused on educational reform, tax reduction, and social welfare improvements, policies he later expanded on the national level.
As President, Bush emphasized accountability in education through the No Child Left Behind Act, which aimed to improve public schools by strengthening local control and holding them accountable for student performance. He advocated for broad tax cuts, providing relief to working families and those on the margins of poverty, and promoted the modernization of Social Security and Medicare to give seniors more choices. Bush prioritized national security and military readiness, increasing military funding to support better planning, equipment, and pay for service members, especially following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, which led to his administration's War on Terror and the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq.
Throughout his presidency, Bush pursued an "Era of Responsibility," calling on Americans to engage in public service and community improvement. His leadership in foreign policy emphasized alliances and an assertive approach to combating terrorism, while domestically, he promoted economic policies designed to fuel American prosperity with purpose.
President Bush is married to Laura Welch Bush, an educator and librarian, with whom he shares twin daughters, Barbara and Jenna. Known for their commitment to education and public service, the Bush family’s close-knit dynamic extended to their pets as well, including their dogs Spot and Barney, and their cat, India.
Laura Welch Bush, the former First Lady of the United States, is widely recognized for her poise, grace, and dedication to issues close to her heart: education, literacy, women’s health, and humanitarian causes. Born on November 4, 1946, in Midland, Texas, Laura was raised with strong values of family, faith, and community. Her upbringing in a conservative Texas household and her experience as a teacher and librarian deeply shaped her worldview and commitment to public service.
Laura attended Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, where she earned a bachelor’s degree in education. Her passion for teaching led her to work as an elementary school teacher and, later, a librarian. With a natural affinity for connecting with people and encouraging young minds, Laura found her calling in promoting education and literacy—values that would remain central throughout her life. She went on to earn a master’s degree in Library Science from the University of Texas at Austin, further equipping her to champion the cause of reading and learning in her future roles.
Laura met George W. Bush in 1977, and the two married later that year. Their partnership has been defined by mutual respect and shared values, with Laura providing steadfast support throughout George’s political career. As her husband’s ambitions grew, she became an integral partner in his journey, embodying the strong, traditional values of a supportive wife and mother while maintaining her identity as an independent, accomplished woman. Together, they raised twin daughters, Barbara and Jenna, instilling in them the same values of faith, compassion, and patriotism.
When George became Governor of Texas in 1995, Laura took on the role of First Lady of Texas, focusing on public education and library development across the state. Her signature initiative, “Texas Book Festival,” successfully brought attention to the importance of literacy and helped raise funds for Texas public libraries. She used her platform to advocate for conservative principles in education, emphasizing the importance of family involvement and local control.
As First Lady of the United States from 2001 to 2009, Laura Bush maintained her focus on promoting literacy and education, launching the Ready to Read, Ready to Learn initiative to ensure young children had the skills needed to succeed in school. She also championed the Laura Bush Foundation for America’s Libraries, providing resources to support school libraries across the nation, especially in underserved areas. These initiatives aligned with conservative values, focusing on local solutions, personal responsibility, and educational empowerment.
In addition to her domestic initiatives, Laura Bush emerged as a global advocate for women’s health and human rights. She played an instrumental role in the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), advocating for increased healthcare access and prevention education in developing countries, particularly in Africa. Laura believed in America’s duty to lead by example, offering compassionate aid while encouraging sustainable, locally-driven solutions. Her work extended to Afghanistan, where she raised awareness about the plight of women under the Taliban and supported efforts to expand women’s access to education and healthcare after the U.S. intervention.
Laura’s commitment to family values, faith, and compassionate outreach made her a widely respected First Lady, especially among conservative Americans who admired her dedication to tradition and service. Her advocacy for children, families, and women around the world has left an enduring legacy, and she remains a respected figure in American public life.
In recent years, Laura Bush has continued to promote education and literacy while staying involved in humanitarian initiatives. Alongside her husband, she co-founded the George W. Bush Presidential Center in Dallas, Texas, an institution dedicated to advancing policy initiatives in economic growth, education reform, global health, and the support of veterans and military families. Through this work, Laura Bush continues to embody the compassionate, faith-centered values that have guided her life and work, making a lasting impact on communities at home and abroad.
The Congressional Evolution of the United States of America
For students and teachers of U.S. history, this video features Stanley and Christopher Klos presenting America's Four United Republics Curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. Filmed in December 2015, this video is an informal recording by an audience member capturing a presentation attended by approximately 200 students, professors, and guests. To explore the full curriculum, [download it here].
September 5, 1774 | October 22, 1774 | |
October 22, 1774 | October 26, 1774 | |
May 20, 1775 | May 24, 1775 | |
May 25, 1775 | July 1, 1776 |
July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781
July 2, 1776 | October 29, 1777 | |
November 1, 1777 | December 9, 1778 | |
December 10, 1778 | September 28, 1779 | |
September 29, 1779 | February 28, 1781 |
March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789
March 1, 1781 | July 6, 1781 | |
July 10, 1781 | Declined Office | |
July 10, 1781 | November 4, 1781 | |
November 5, 1781 | November 3, 1782 | |
November 4, 1782 | November 2, 1783 | |
November 3, 1783 | June 3, 1784 | |
November 30, 1784 | November 22, 1785 | |
November 23, 1785 | June 5, 1786 | |
June 6, 1786 | February 1, 1787 | |
February 2, 1787 | January 21, 1788 | |
January 22, 1788 | January 21, 1789 |
United States in Congress Assembled (USCA) Sessions
USCA | Session Dates | USCA Convene Date | President(s) |
First | 03-01-1781 to 11-04-1781* | 03-02-1781 | |
Second | 11-05-1781 to 11-03-1782 | 11-05-1781 | |
Third | 11-04-1782 to 11-02-1783 | 11-04-1782 | |
Fourth | 11-03-1783 to 10-31-1784 | 11-03-1783 | |
Fifth | 11-01-1784 to 11-06-1785 | 11-29-1784 | |
Sixth | 11-07-1785 to 11-05-1786 | 11-23-1785 | |
Seventh | 11-06-1786 to 11-04-1787 | 02-02-1787 | |
Eighth | 11-05-1787 to 11-02-1788 | 01-21-1788 | |
Ninth | 11-03-1788 to 03-03-1789** | None | None |
* The Articles of Confederation was ratified by the mandated 13th State on February 2, 1781, and the dated adopted by the Continental Congress to commence the new United States in Congress Assembled government was March 1, 1781. The USCA convened under the Articles of Confederation Constitution on March 2, 1781.** On September 14, 1788, the Eighth United States in Congress Assembled resolved that March 4th, 1789, would be commencement date of the Constitution of 1787's federal government thus dissolving the USCA on March 3rd, 1789.
Philadelphia | Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774 | |
Philadelphia | May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776 | |
Baltimore | Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777 | |
Philadelphia | March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777 | |
Lancaster | September 27, 1777 | |
York | Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778 | |
Philadelphia | July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783 | |
Princeton | June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783 | |
Annapolis | Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784 | |
Trenton | Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784 | |
New York City | Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788 | |
New York City | October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789 | |
New York City | March 3,1789 to August 12, 1790 | |
Philadelphia | Dec. 6,1790 to May 14, 1800 | |
Washington DC | November 17,1800 to Present |
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Dr. Naomi and Stanley Yavneh Klos, Principals
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